journal articles
LATENT COGNITIVE PROFILES AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH INSTRUMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITHOUT DEMENTIA: A UNITED STATES NATIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Jiaying Li, Sarah L. Szanton, Junxin Li
BACKGROUND: Conventional dichotomous classifications of cognitive status in older adults (normal vs impaired) may obscure distinct domain-specific deficits. Identifying nuanced cognitive profiles could enable personalized interventions, particularly when tailored to instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).
OBJECTIVES: To identify distinct cognitive profiles in older adults without dementia and assess their associations with overall and domain-specific IADL performance.
DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional data from 2219 adults aged ≥65 years without dementia in the nationally representative National Health and Aging Trends Study.
MEASUREMENTS: Latent profile analysis classified participants across six cognitive domains: episodic memory, executive function, orientation, psychomotor function, visual attention, and working memory. Logistic and linear regression models with Holm-Bonferroni corrections evaluated relationships between cognitive profiles and IADL performance.
RESULTS: Five profiles emerged: Profile 1: Overall intact (50.5 % of participants); Profile 2: Isolated moderate orientation impairment (15.6 %); Profile 3: Mild global impairment with preserved orientation (22.0 %); Profile 4: Mild global impairment with significant orientation impairment (5.5 %); Profile 5: Moderate global impairment (6.2 %). Compared with Profile 1, all other profiles exhibited significantly higher overall IADL difficulty and were more likely to experience challenges with shopping, medication management, meal preparation, and banking (all adjusted p < 0.05). Profile 4 had the highest odds for difficulties with shopping (OR, 2.19; 95 % CI, 1.41–3.38; adjusted p = 0.005) and banking (OR, 3.98; 95 % CI, 2.62–6.04; adjusted p < 0.001), whereas Profile 5 showed the greatest risk for medication management (OR, 2.55; 95 % CI, 1.66–3.90; adjusted p < 0.001) and meal preparation (OR, 2.22; 95 % CI, 1.49–3.31; adjusted p = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Nearly half of older adults without dementia exhibit distinct cognitive profiles warranting tailored interventions. Profile 5 requires comprehensive strategies, whereas Profiles 2, 3, and 4 may benefit from orientation-targeted and intensity-varied training in other cognition domain. Incorporating specific IADL tasks (e.g., meal preparation, medication management for Profile 5 and shopping, banking for Profile 4) into cognitive interventions may concurrently enhance cognitive health and functional independence.
CITATION:
Jiaying Li ; Sarah L. Szanton ; Junxin Li (2025): Latent cognitive profiles and their associations with instrumental activities of daily living among older adults without dementia: A United States national cross-sectional study. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (JPAD). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100162